Аннотация
В последние десятилетия резко возросла заболеваемость ожирением, увеличивающим риск метаболических и сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (ССЗ) и способствующим преждевременной смерти. Жировая ткань (ЖТ) является источником биоактивных молекул адипокинов, проявляющих свои физиологические эффекты ауто-, пара- и эндокринно. На фоне ожирения их секреция меняется в сторону провоспалительного, диабетогенного и атерогенного характера. Одним из методов оценки, происходящих в ЖТ на фоне ожирения изменений, является определение уровня циркулирующих адипокинов. Их использование в качестве биомаркеров позволяет оценить и предсказать риск сердечно-сосудистых и метаболических осложнений при метаболически активном варианте ожирения. К подобным биомаркерам-предикторам можно отнести адипокины, обладающие про- и противовоспалительной активностью: адипонектин, адипсин, апелин, висфатин, лептин, оментин-1, резистин, фактор роста фибробластов 21 (FGF21), хемерин. Адипокины представляют определенный интерес в качестве биомаркеров отражающих метаболизм липидов и функции ЖТ, метаболизм глюкозы и чувствительность тканей к инсулину, хроническое метаболическое воспаление, ангиогенез ЖТ. Внедрение в клиническую практику адипокинов в качестве маркеров-предикторов у пациентов с метаболически активным ожирением позволит на раннем доклиническом этапе оценивать риск возникновения и развития кардио- и метаболических осложнений ожирения, что будет способствовать улучшению профилактических мероприятий и положительному течению лечебного процесса. В обзоре основное внимание уделяется клинической значимости отдельных адипокинов в качестве маркеров-предикторов метаболических и сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, ассоциированных с ожирением, проанализированы данные исследований за период с 2020 по 2024 год. Поиск литературы осуществлён по базам данных: РИНЦ, CyberLeninka, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed.
Annotation
The incidence of obesity has increased dramatically in recent decades, increasing the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and, therefore, may contribute to premature death. Adipose tissue is a source of bioactive molecules called adipokines, which exert their physiological effects auto-, para- and endocrine. In obesity, their secretion changes towards proinflammatory, diabetogenic and atherogenic nature. One of the methods for assessing changes occurring in adipose tissue against the background of obesity is determining the level of circulating adipokines. Their use as biomarkers allows us to assess and predict the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic complications in the metabolically active variant of obesity. The following adipokines with pro- and anti-inflammatory activity can be classified as such predictive biomarkers: adiponectin, adipsin, apelin, visfatin, leptin, omentin-1, resistin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), chemerin. Thus, adipokines are of particular interest as biomarkers reflecting lipid metabolism and adipose tissue functions, glucose metabolism and tissue sensitivity to insulin, chronic metabolic inflammation, and adipose tissue angiogenesis. The introduction of adipokines into clinical practice as predictor markers in patients with metabolically active obesity will allow for an early preclinical assessment of the risk of occurrence and development of cardio- and metabolic complications of obesity, which will contribute to the improvement of preventive measures and a positive course of the treatment process. This review focuses on the clinical significance of individual adipokines as predictor markers of obesity-associated metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, analyzing data from studies from 2012 to 2024. The literature search for this review was carried out using the following databases: RSCI, CyberLeninka, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed.
Key words: adipokines; biomarkers; alimentary obesity; metabolic syndrome; diabetes mellitus; cardiovascular diseases; review
Список литературы
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